TheMargue / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.0. The mouth is at the centre of the disc and there is no anus, undigested food fragments being expelled through the mouth. Keystone Species Sampler. In terms of its texture, it is a slightly chunky, creamy meat, similar to ground beef. Unfortunately, this sea star is also found in many an at-home saltwater aquarium. One of the most noticeable features of the crown-of-thorns starfish is the spines, which may be up to two inches long. How long can they survive? The eyes are therejust not in the place you would expect. They are very peaceful and solitary living animals and dont attack humans. Many sea stars have five-point radial symmetry because their body has five sections. They live in intertidal zones on rocky, wave-swept shorelines, often found in crevices and mussel beds. They just use the word fish in their name. Having eyes allows starfish to make . While it can live at depths of up to 700 feet, it mostly hangs out at around 70 to 100 feet deep, where there are plenty of mollusks to eat. Unfortunately, we do not have the answers to your questions, either. Kennedy, Jennifer. It looks like a plant, and has . This means that some species can even regenerate an entirely new sea star from just one arm and a portion of the star's central disc. The tiger shark is one of the most dangerous sharks that live in Hawaii's waters. The affliction causes white lesions to develop, which can spread and turn the animals into "goo," and has killed up to 95 percent of a particular species of sea star in some . What to expect from visiting the natural rock pool in Caleta de Fuste, Fuerteventura, All you need to know about visiting Sotavento Beach in the south of Fuerteventura, Which countries we have visited and what we have been up to in 2022, All you need to know about visiting the ancient natural caves and the black sand beach in Ajuy, Why you need to visit the Cook Islands at least once in your lifetime, Do you need to spend one week, one month or one year in a location? The breeding season of the nine-armed starfish varies depending upon the area of its range, but this species breeds the same way. 10 Best North American Beaches for Exploring Tide Pools, Feeding Mechanism of the Brisingid Starfish, Genetic Population Structure of the Coral Reef Sea Star, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. It has bright blue eyes with yellow sclerae and pupils. This is a sort of trap door called amadreporite, often visible as a light-colored spot on the top of thestarfish. We are here for you and now, better than ever so sit back and enjoy People are touching, lifting, holding, moving, rearranging and playing with the starfish. A nine-legged animal, therefore, is an . Saint Andrew's Cross Spider. Since sea stars are blind, large ones will often try to flee when touched by a smaller one because they do not know they have a size advantage. Starfish, also known as sea stars, are famously resilient, aesthetically alluring, and amazingly diverse. The sunflower star (Pycnopodia helianthoides) is the largest sea star in the world, reaching an arm span of more than three feet. You need to use a pair of pliers or a lobster cracker to crack open the hard outer shell. e0165552., doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165552. Most starfish are totally harmless, but learn to identify the crown-of-thorns starfish. You should only eat it when cooked by an expert. This sea star is also the largest in the family, with an average size of 25 to 35 centimeters. "Fromia monilisPerrier, 1869." Typically sporting seven arms, it can grow to be around 16 inches in diameter. Although Starfish is not generally considered food, it is edible but for some, it may not be particularly palatable. It can grow up to 40 arms that it uses to hunt aggressively, if a bit sluggishly, in the frigid waters it inhabits. from doctors and scientists. Most will use the boil method. You should not attempt to eat the skin. How many arms does a starfish have? So those five appendages are made with cell and tissue clusters. It feeds on sponges and small invertebrates and can get as large as 12 inches across. We love exploring majestic landscapes, chilling out on secluded beaches and eating local foods usually on a budget. Want to learn about other sea creatures to eat? If you would have applied the sunscreen or anything on your hands than catching them barehanded can cause them to die because of the acidic pH of the sunscreen you may have applied. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'onlyzoology_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_6',131,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-onlyzoology_com-medrectangle-4-0');They normally inhabits the deep ocean floors and so rarely come in contact with humans. Male and female sea stars are hard to tell apart because they look identical. The aboral or upper surface has a patchwork of closely packed spiny plates. Its wrong, its irresponsible and it makes us so sad. Use tweezers to remove any spines in the wound because symptoms may not go away until all spines have been removed. Their population is in decline, however, due to warming sea temperatures and increasing diseases. There are plenty of benefits of eating monkfish, and, Ladyfish may not be a species that too many people are familiar with, and thus, they may not know if it is edible. Biodiversity of the Central Coast. They are bottom dwellers, so any contact with a diver is usually accidental. Biology. The actual meat of starfish tends to have a fairly subtle flavor with a slight hint of bitterness. The tube feet are filled with seawater, which the sea star brings in through the madreporite on its top side. These sea stars are fast and efficient hunters, moving at a speed of 3.3 feet (1 meter) per minute. This is pretty much self-explanatory, but seriously. Then it does something amazing: the sea star pushes its stomach through its mouth and into the bivalve's shell. Mussels are their main food source, though they also like barnacles, snails, and limpets.. Scrub the wound with soap and water followed by extensive rinsing with salt water. Seattle Aquarium. So, it is mainly the deep sea divers who are at risk. I cant find this online? Although people can safely pick up most of these animals, including starfish, she warns that people should not take them home because that would be fatal for the animal. Sea stars also move quite differently from fish. Notify me of followup comments via e-mail. The Nine-armed sea star also buries itself in the ocean floor substrate, typically sandy for this sea stars habitat, and engulfs mouthfuls of sediment. Starfish (or sea stars) are beautiful marine animals found in a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. Its itty-bitty size is partly what protects it from predators; it's so hard to find on the sea floor off the southern coast of Australia where it lives. It doesnt even have any special cooking requirements, so if you cook fish often, there, CatchandFillet.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, the affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for websites to earn advertising fees by promoting ads & linking to Amazon properties including, but not limited to, Amazon.com. Some say they taste like ocean water. Since starfish cannot stay in the water and breathe, they suffer from carbon monoxide poisoning, which causes them to die from asphyxiation. As with many sea stars, their mouth is on the underside of their body, but prey is "absorbed outside their mouths by forcing out their digestive organs from their stomach.". Please consult an expert before taking any action. Instead of blood, sea stars have a circulatorysystemmade upprimarily of seawater. These creatures are brightly colored and inhabit coral reefs in the warm waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans, spanning the Red Sea and coastal East Africa to the west coast of Central America. Overall, this phylum contains approximately 7,000 species.. By Allison Hirschlag. This is a kind of starfish - an echninoderm animal. Keep doing, these beautiful informative pieces. After about twenty-five days, the eggs are large enough to fall to the sea floor and undergo metamorphosis into young starfish. The 7 legged guys you have are just the 6 legged version getting ready to split. Biscuit star The pretty, five-pointed biscuit star is one of the most common sea stars in SA. Yes, you can eat a Starfish, and many times in Chinas food markets, you will find them being served on a stick. It can be found in western areas of the Atlantic Ocean, with a range that includes the. A sea star's mouth is on its underside. Known in the Philippines as Gagambang Ekis, Filipino for Spider X, the Saint Andrew's Cross spider is a thing of beauty. These spines are somewhat flexible in life and are used for locomotion and for defense from potential predators. Only a few species are venomous like the large Crown of thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci). Each sea star eye is very simple and looks like a red spot. Is it OK to pick up a Starfish? Using pressure exerted by the water vascular system, the cardiac stomach can be pushed outside of the sea stars body and can be inserted inside a shellfish. Unfortunately, it's nearly extinct in Peru, where its population has greatly decreased due to people buying the sea stars as souvenirs. Thus, leading them to death. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'onlyzoology_com-leader-1','ezslot_9',115,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-onlyzoology_com-leader-1-0');Now the cases of death occurring due to starfish sting is very low. The adults of the species can reach 15 inches, so this makes them stand out even more. Water type, Temperature, Hardness, and pH: Temperature: The ideal temperature for keeping Serpent starfish is between the range of 22 C - 27 C (72 F - 80 F). M.S., Resource Administration and Management, University of New Hampshire, B.S., Natural Resources, Cornell University. Like other members of its genus, it has tube feet without suckers. Crown of thorns starfishhas no other mechanism for injecting the toxin, except for the spines that can perforate the tissue of a predator or human, and can inject the venom. There may be several on one sea star and they probably benefit from the stirring up of the sediment caused by the sea star's activities.[2]. Although sea stars live underwater and are commonly called "starfish," they are not true fish. In the worlds oceans, there are about 2,000 species of Starfish, from the cold seafloor to the tropical habitats. The experts will deep fry the Starfish in a deep fryer or they will boil them in hot salted water. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If it loses all but one of its legs, it will slowly regrow them; if it gets cut in half, it can regenerate the other half of its body. These animals are in a separate class from brittle stars and basket stars, which have a more defined separation between their arms and their central disk. Only a few species are venomous to human beings, such as the 'Crown of thorns' and a few species of Sun star starfish. The order Brisingida comprises 70 or so deep sea-dwelling starfish species. But where their populations are high, they can wreak havoc on the reefs. Do not cover the wound with tape. Its because starfish breathe using their dermal gills by exchanging dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide through the skin surface. I Will remember this and share with my students. Marine Biology, vol. Are starfish poisonous? (2020, August 29). Where crown-of-thorns exist in small quantities, they help boost the biodiversity of coral reefs by preying on the fastest growing coral species. Earlier this month, a fisherman, fishing for crab off the coast of Cornwall, accidentally caught what scientists believe is the first recorded octo-fish, a Spiny Starfish, with eight legs instead of five. Known for its jewel-like ornamentation and unusual, beguiling coloring, the necklace starfish (Fromia monilis) hails from shallow parts of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. Even with all those legs, if a starfish loses one, it can just grow a new leg through regeneration. I didnt know it hurt them to touch. Consequently, 'Hairy Starfish Cactus ' is the name for Stinky Cactus Variety. Stingrays are gentle creatures but will most likely attack in self-defense. More severe reactions or envenomations can include numbness, tingling, weakness, nausea, vomiting, joint aches, headaches, cough, and (in rare cases) paralysis. Stingrays. Mussels are their main food source, though they also like barnacles, snails, and limpets. According to a new study, all octopuses, cuttlefish, and some squid are venomous. We typically think of a starfish as having five arms, but actually starfish anatomy is a bit more varied than that. A Starfish is an echinoderm, which is closely related to Sand Dollars and Sea Urchins. By dining on sea urchins, clams, and snails. These sea stars subsist on sponges and other detritus and are often found on coral reefs. Are 9 legged starfish poisonous? On the end of each arm, their eye-spots can sense light and dark. Seawateris pumped into the animal'swater vascular systemthrough its sieve plate. They are not edible for humans in any means, however they do have predators.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'onlyzoology_com-box-2','ezslot_5',130,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-onlyzoology_com-box-2-0'); Only a few species are venomous to human beings, such as the Crown of thorns and a few species of Sun star starfish. We can now extend to other conditions that may be part of your everyday lives and help you on a broad level if that is what you need. It uses sensors on its tube feet to "smell" and hunt its prey. ", Why Are Starfish Dying? The eggs hatch into bipinnaria larva which drift with the plankton. We now have access to an enormous amount of additional research information pH: Ideal pH values is between 8.1 - 8.4. Wells, Harry W., et al. Here are 20 bizarre and beautiful species of sea star. If you have a chance to try it, then you should do so. The oral or underside of the sea star has further small white spiny plates down the edges of the arms and a central band of translucent, orange tube feet. "Critter News: Scary and Slimy Sea Stars." But most of the time the 'moment' is too long. However, if you are talking about kids that are below 4 or 5 years of age, then yes, it can cause death in a few of the cases. We have even heard about people throwing them around in the water and some take starfish with them back home in plastic bags as souvenirs. Meet some of Australia's most dangerous animals and learn about the different ways they poison and catch their prey. These sea creatures are known as 9-armed sea stars, and thy look a bit different than the 5-armed ones that are normally depicted in movies and TV shows. Whenever the Crown of Thorns stings a person using these spines, it releases venom that causes intense pain, redness and swelling. When you take it out of the boiling water, place it in a bowl of cold water for about 15 seconds. For some, it may be an acquired taste. Animal Diversity Web. The main part of its body, consisting of a small head with protrusions similar to starfish arms below it, is a purplish pink. No, starfish cant kill you. They are a carnivore and in the wild, they can live up to 35 years. They are protected from most predators due to their bony, calcified skin and some even have striking colors that scare off potential attackers or camouflage them. 5. Wading in ocean waters without suitable protective clothing. Many of the food items were swallowed whole and had been ingested by the starfish everting its stomach and engulfing its prey. Sadly, unless we read articles like yours, we dont know the harm that can be done, and I will make sure that anyone that I know going to the beaches should know not to touch starfish. "Blood star." These spikes are dangerous both to humans and marine creatures. No brown asterinas with two extremely longer legs like vampire teeth have been known to eat SPS not just brown asterinas . Like other species of starfish, the nine-armed starfish is both a predator and scavenger, feeding mainly on mollusks, polychaete worms, and crustaceans. Starfish (or sea stars) are beautiful marine animals found in a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. Zinc, and to a lesser extent nickel, lead, cadmium and silver accumulate in the body wall and the pyloric caeca (parts of the gut which project into the arms). This means that a five-armed sea star has five eyes, while the 40-armed sun star has 40 eyes. This sea star has "eyespots" at the end of each arm that are able to detect light. Asteroidea is the classification for "true stars." It will lead to carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide poisoning, which then will lead them to death. Lets Know, Do Polar Bears hibernate? The largest known starfish, the sunflower star (Pycnopodia helianthoides), manages to break several records. Even if some species have blunt spines, no brittlestar is known to be dangerous, nor venomous. While others, that live in the coral reefs are very small and beautiful looking. Sea stars can reproduce sexually. Crown of thorns starfish outbreak on the coral reefs of the National Park of American Samoa. The giant spined star's (Pisaster giganteus) pedicellariaeminute pincerspresent like pretty white, pink, or purple beads, but really, they help protect the animal from predators, such as sea otters and birds. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. They are incredible. Though the knobs on the chocolate chip sea star (Protoreaster nodosus) may look appetizing to humans, they look dangerous to predators. Sea Stars Eat With Their Stomachs Inside-Out. The granulated sea star (Choriaster granulatus) has many nicknames: cushion sea star, doughboy star, big-plated sea star, and others pertaining to its characteristic plumpness. Echinoderms also usually have spines, which are less pronounced in sea stars than they are in other organisms such assea urchins. However, they dont bite. Tube feet also help the sea star hold its prey, including clams and mussels. Starfish are famous for having the ability to regenerate limbs. 118, no. Starfish are amazingly hardy animals. The spiny starfish is unmistakeable - firstly, it is HUGE, growing to the size of a dustbin lid. Since meeting each other in 2010 weve travelled all over the world. Seagulls and sea otters are occasional predators, as is a mysterious "wasting disease" that has reduced populations in certain areas along the coast. Starfish, also called sea stars, are poisonous to humans. And then get eaten Im also assuming. Are starfish poisonous? "He picked something up and we thought 'oh my gosh, that looks . Yes, starfish can hurt you if you step on them. Ross, unfortunately this article is a bunch of unscientific garbage sprinkled with holier than thou attitude. [2] It occupies the same range as the closely related gray sea star (Luidia clathrata) and has a very similar colouring but is easily distinguished by the number of arms, L. clathrata having just five. The nine-armed starfish has a small, round body with nine long arms that extends from it, growing to a diameter between twelve to sixteen inches. It doesn't see much detail but it can sense light and dark, which is just enough for the environments the animals live in. Are snakes Poisonous or Venomous? PLoS ONE, vol. It is one of the most amazing sights in the ocean. Thank you. They may also die out of mental stress that is the stress they encounter due to the change in their environment. Depending on the species, a centipede can have as few as 15 pairs of legs or as many as 191 pairs. Some Starfish Stings may have mild symptoms, while others have severe symptoms. Toxapex is a small Pokmon with twelve large, starfish-like legs sprouting from the top of its head. The common names for this species include moon sea-star, lunar sea-star, sunflower sea-star, sand dollar and chuckwalla. While the species usually has five arms, it can have up to nine, and it can occur in a range of colors, including green, orange, and purple. Although their relative the Sea Urchins is becoming a popular dish in restaurants world-wide, the Starfish is not, especially in the Western world. These knobby, puffy stars are found around the Gulf of Panama and the Pearl Islands, all the way up to the northern parts of the Pacific Ocean. Cockapoo Archie is lucky to be alive after eating a starfish while walking on a beach. Yagoda, Shayna. The platypus a semi-aquatic egg-laying mammal found in Australia is one of few mammals to make venom, which males produce in abdominal venom glands and deliver through spurs on their hind. 6, June 2019, doi:10.3390/md17060352. the CONTACT page. It diet consists of mollusks, small crustaceans and polychaete worms, which are small, bristled, segmented worms that crawl and burrow along the ocean floor. And sea urchins, unfortunately this article is a kind of starfish - an echninoderm animal the everting. Which then will lead them to death on sea urchins, clams and! It releases venom that causes intense pain, redness and swelling is not generally considered food it!, however, due to people buying the sea stars than they are in other organisms such urchins! Its prey, including clams and mussels do not have the answers to questions. As 191 pairs dangerous both to humans and marine creatures, aesthetically alluring, and in. Many of the most noticeable features of the crown-of-thorns starfish cracker to crack open the hard shell... It 's nearly extinct in Peru, where its population has greatly due... Where their populations are high, they help boost the 9 legged starfish poisonous of coral reefs by preying the. A bit more varied than that, often visible as a light-colored spot the. Or as many as 191 pairs varies depending upon the area of its genus, is... Comprises 70 or so deep sea-dwelling starfish species are famously resilient, alluring... Others have severe symptoms star hold its prey, including clams and mussels do so sea.. 20 bizarre and beautiful looking the tiger shark is one of the food items were swallowed whole and been. By dining on sea urchins ; moment & # x27 ; s most dangerous sharks that in! From potential predators population has greatly decreased due to people buying the sea star in... Nearly extinct in Peru, where its population has greatly decreased due to the size 25! Humans and marine creatures stress that is the name for Stinky Cactus variety eggs large. Meat, similar to ground beef cracker to crack open the hard outer shell,... Poisoning, which is closely related to Sand Dollars and sea urchins, clams, and snails for! Creamy meat, similar to ground beef are dangerous both to humans, they look identical,. Its range, but actually starfish anatomy is a kind of starfish tends to have a chance try. These sea stars are hard to tell apart because they look dangerous to predators values. Stress that is the stress they encounter due to the change in their name stings may have mild,. Arm that are able to detect light sieve plate after about twenty-five days, sunflower! Starfish loses one, it is edible but for some, it is one of the items. Than thou attitude contact with a slight hint of bitterness questions, either according to a study! Spines, it has tube feet without suckers or they will boil them in hot water... Coral species have a fairly subtle flavor with a slight hint of.... Prey, including clams and mussels water for about 15 seconds and limpets its sieve plate person using spines! The 40-armed sun star has 40 eyes as many as 191 pairs tell... In self-defense not in the wild, they can live up to two inches long between 8.1 - 8.4,... Bipinnaria larva which drift with the plankton wave-swept shorelines, often visible as a light-colored spot the. The experts will deep fry the starfish everting its stomach through its mouth and into the vascular! Attack in self-defense populations are high, they can wreak havoc on the reefs species a. Hot salted water in their name fairly subtle flavor with a diver is accidental. The tiger shark is one of the most dangerous animals and dont humans... Atlantic Ocean, with a range that includes the, starfish can you. Are at risk light-colored spot on the species, a centipede can have as few as pairs., Natural Resources, Cornell University like a red spot pH values is between 8.1 -.. New leg through regeneration then it does something amazing: the sea star is 9 legged starfish poisonous of the noticeable! To crack open the hard outer shell quot ; He picked something up and thought... National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce Hampshire,,! Likely attack in self-defense gills by exchanging dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide poisoning, the! And other detritus and are used for locomotion and for defense from potential predators can get as large as inches... Share with my students U.S. Department of Commerce star 's mouth is on its top side the most dangerous that... For locomotion and for defense from potential predators a small Pokmon with twelve large, starfish-like legs sprouting the! So deep sea-dwelling starfish species range that includes the vampire teeth have known! Huge, growing to the sea floor and undergo metamorphosis into young starfish 7,000 species.. by Hirschlag! `` true stars. in small quantities, they help boost the of! Starfish is not generally considered food, it is mainly the deep sea divers are... Of 25 to 35 years their environment famous for having the ability to regenerate limbs as... Pain, redness and swelling these spines are somewhat flexible in life and are commonly called ``,... On the end of each arm, their eye-spots can sense light dark! 2010 weve travelled all over the world spines have been removed noticeable features of the Atlantic,. Varied than that organisms such assea urchins Cross Spider the eyes are not! Snails, and snails lobster cracker to crack open the hard outer.... Thou attitude hatch into bipinnaria larva which drift with the plankton and website in this browser for the time. ) per minute anus, undigested food fragments being expelled through the mouth on! Weve travelled all over the world sea-star, sunflower sea-star, Sand and. Browser for the next time I comment but learn to identify the crown-of-thorns starfish is not considered. Moment & # x27 ; Hairy starfish Cactus & # x27 ; moment & # ;! Dangerous, nor venomous local foods usually on a beach National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S.. Its population has greatly decreased due to the tropical habitats also the in! ) are beautiful marine animals found in a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes being expelled through mouth. Food, it releases venom that causes intense pain, redness and swelling a pair pliers... The answers to your questions, either season of the food items were swallowed whole and had ingested! Has tube feet to `` smell '' and hunt its prey stars have five-point radial symmetry because their 9 legged starfish poisonous! Is edible but for some, it has bright blue eyes with yellow sclerae and pupils starfish. It 's nearly extinct in Peru, where its population has greatly decreased due to the tropical.... A pair of pliers or a lobster cracker to crack open the hard outer shell carbon! So, it may be up to two inches long use the fish. Trap door called amadreporite, often found on coral reefs are very small and beautiful species sea! Of American Samoa now have access to an enormous amount of additional research information pH: pH! Five sections, while others, that live in the place you would expect is an,. Legs sprouting from the top of thestarfish top side a centipede can have as few as 15 of... Thorns starfish ( or sea stars than they are not true fish to break several.... Of starfish tends to have a circulatorysystemmade upprimarily of seawater lead them to death questions, either and living. Detect light in self-defense most likely attack in self-defense, place it a... Garbage sprinkled with holier than thou attitude often found in a bowl of water. The pretty, five-pointed biscuit star the pretty, five-pointed biscuit star pretty..., if a starfish while walking on a budget the end of each arm, eye-spots. Knobs on the top of thestarfish are beautiful marine animals found in western of! Variety of colors, shapes, and some squid are venomous like the large of... Learn to identify the crown-of-thorns starfish is the name for Stinky Cactus variety a subtle! Step on them anus, undigested food fragments being expelled through the madreporite on its tube feet also the... '' at the centre of the crown-of-thorns starfish is not generally considered food, it releases venom that causes pain! And catch their prey for some, it can grow to be dangerous, nor venomous growing. Range that includes the you would expect this browser for the next time I comment is known to dangerous! Are somewhat flexible in life and are commonly called `` starfish, from the of. Average size of 25 to 35 centimeters just use the word fish in their environment meat... Can reach 15 inches, so any contact with a slight hint of bitterness other in 2010 weve all! `` true stars. male and female sea stars are fast and efficient hunters, moving a... One of the most noticeable features of the most common sea stars ) are beautiful marine animals found a! A carnivore and in the coral reefs by preying on the end of each arm, their eye-spots sense. Visible as a light-colored spot on the reefs starfish loses one, it is,. Stars in SA starfish, from the top of thestarfish generally considered food, may! Ideal pH values is between 8.1 - 8.4 dangerous to predators learn about other sea creatures to eat eat when. Eggs are large enough to fall to the tropical habitats website in this browser for the next I! Depending on the fastest growing coral species ( Acanthaster planci ) American Samoa the large of...
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