The first successful English colony in North America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was started in 1607 during the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. Anglican settlers were later drawn to surrounding areas in Virginia, and in the 1620s Puritan colonists (a Protestant group) sought religious freedom by starting settlements in New England. Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. By the year 1700, there were not two, but five important European empires with influence throughout the world: Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. Francis corresponded with the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus and sponsored a royal lecture series that supported promising scholars. His childhood was remarkable because of his enlightened, humanist education. Hudson's expedition wound through the strait and into the huge bay, now in upper Canada, that now bear his name. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. Hotels are a thing in Sri Lanka too and they come in many flavours. In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. Cranmer's first English-language Book of Common Prayer (text used in Anglican worship services) was introduced in 1549. The Visigoths were a nomadic Germanic tribe which flourished in Europe during the time of the Romans. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). Henry and his advisers were fearful of a Catholic attempt to invade England. She was burned at the stake in 1431. Charles also continued the war against France in Italy. In America, Spanish conquistadors had established courts of law in eight colonies, as well as three universities. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. In 1534 French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557) joined the search for a Northwest Passage to China. LORD SHIVAJI. Senior, Isaac Abrabanel, and others tried in vain to have the order revoked. In the early 1500s they continued the crusade against the Moors into North Africa with a series of military expeditions. Medina-Sidonia had been ordered not to engage in battle with the English until he had made contact with Parma. A brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand people. Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. The following month Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the island natives. The aged Jimnez de Cisneros, who was now archbishop of Toledo, acted as regent of Castile until Charles arrived in Spain. In 1620 Frederick lost the throne of Bohemia (he was nicknamed the "Winter King" because he ruled for only one winter) and was stripped of all his territories in the Holy Roman Empire. Records such as reports from the Christian Council of Elvira in 313 show that Christians immediately began pressuring Jews to convert to Christianity. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. The Italian Wars finally ended after a seventh war, which lasted from 1547 until 1559. Then in 1513 Swiss troops inflicted a humiliating defeat on the French at Novara, a province in northwest Italy. They wanted to regain power that had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the past twenty years. They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. Which commander is known as Barbarossa? The uncrowned French king, Charles VII, then took the throne in 1429. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. in North America. final years were dominated by controversy surrounding one of her favorite courtiers (members of the court), Robert Devereux (15661601), earl of Essex. In the 1860s, the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Kaiser Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, initiated a series of conflicts designed to unite the German states under their influence. Feudalism began to decline in the eleventh century with the rise of capitalism, an economy based on investing money and earning profits from business ventures. France allied with the Protestants and against the Austrians and the Spanish. Henry VIII is now considered the true Renaissance prince. Spain and forced the Jews to convert to Islam. Eager to respond to reasonable requests, James called the Hampton Court Conference of 1604. In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. It helped shape world history as a whole, by giving rise to early forms of representative government. After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. William responded with a document that accused Philip of incest (having sexual relations with family members), adultery (having sexual relations outside marriage), and the murders of both Carlos and Elizabeth of Valois. By 1215, Philip had extended his territory to duchies once held by the Anjous in the north and west. Medina-Sidonia retreated, taking his ships north around the British Isles. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. They had a daughter, Mary, but the king wanted a son because he did not believe Mary would be accepted as his The ones to avoid are the Arabia, Ottoman and Byzantine civilizations. In 1555 Charles officially turned rule of the Netherlands over to Philip. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. French explore inland water routes Nearly sixty years later, and farther north, Henry Hudson (died 1611), a British captain sailing for the Dutch, led his expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. In 1585, Alessandro Farnese (15451592), the duke of Parma, surpassed the military skill of even the bloody Alba when he captured the great walled town of Antwerp (a city in present-day Belgium). In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas between these two countries moved the line farther west, to 370 leagues (about 988 miles, or 1,590 kilometers) west of the Cape Verde Islands. Archaeologists discover 300 burials in ancient Merovingian necropolis. Game Info. The incompleteness of the fusion became fully evident in 870 when the Empire was split into the West Frankish Kingdom (which became France) and the East Frankish Kingdom (which gave rise to Germany and the other . The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. The city surrendered and Catalonia was restored to Spain. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The Catalans also had the right to raise their own army to defend themselves, as well as the right to refuse to quarter foreign troops, including Castilian, on their own soil. According to the terms of the agreement, the Catholic Church in France came under direct control of the French crown. Others proposed measures such as genocide (mass killings of members of a specific group) as well as the less extreme solution of deportation to the New World. Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. The first successful English colony, founded in Virginia in 1607, was named in the king's honor: Jamestown. Thus the two largest Christian kingdoms in Spain were united. Francis had grown up in the court of King Louis XII and was called the dauphin. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. Ferdinand therefore had himself proclaimed regent (interim ruler) of Castile, possibly expecting to have some influence on Joanna once she and Philip arrived from Brussels to take the throne. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. On December 31, 1514, Louis died, and on the first day of 1515 Francis I took the throne of France. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. official symbol of France, painted on his shield. So, the whole connections between the world monetary systems were basically private sector finance. During her brief five-year reign, nearly three hundred people were burned at the stake. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. The reign of Charles and his family, the Anjous, was called the Angevin (pronounced AHN-jeh-vehn) dynasty. He returned about a year later with the news that he had discovered the Indies. He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. At the top were kings, who owned the land. allowed Napoleon Bonaparte to establish a totalitarian dictatorship in France. After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. The king's announcement also offered a reward of 25,000 ducats (coins used in various European countries) for the capture of William of Orange. Meanwhile, as the Reformation gained momentum in France, extreme bitterness developed between French families that had backed the Huguenot cause and those that had remained Catholic. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. Soon he had many enthusiastic followers called Lutherans, who joined him in initiating the Protestant Reformation. After Boniface's death in 1303, Philip succeeded in having the seat of the papacy (office of the pope) moved from Rome, Italy, to Avignon, France. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. Driven by increasing prosperity, the emerging powers of northwestern EuropeEngland, France, and the Netherlandsdecided to invest in exploration. Spanish monarchs Ferdinand II (14521516) and Isabella I (14511504) permission to conduct the Spanish Inquisition, which was separate from the medieval Inquisition. France was once again established as the major power on the European continent. 3. In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. The meme disagrees with this statement and uses Israel as an example. During the next two hundred years, nearly every remaining land mass in the world, with the exception of Antarctica, was explored and mapped by explorers from these countries. The rivalry between the English and the French over the throne of France resulted in the Hundred Years' War (13371453; see also "England" section later in this chapter). Much like moder. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. In the process, the colonizing pattern of European powers was altered greatly. Dismissing most of his foreign advisers, he appointed Spaniards to take their places. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. During a famous confrontation with the emperor, the German priest refused to budge on his controversial views. The dispute over whether France or Spain had the right to rule Naples and Sicily had been going on since the thirteenth century. The Concordat marked a high point in the struggle over the question of the monarch's sovereignty, which had divided France into two camps. In September 1519 the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan (c. 14801521), sponsored by King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) of Spain, set out from Seville, Spain, with five ships bound for the coast of South America. Hopes of cooperation and compromise were dashed, however, when the Puritans demanded that the church get rid of bishops (heads of church districts), whom they regarded as popish obstacles to true reform. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. Edward died in 1553 at the age of sixteen, probably from pneumonia (a disease of the lungs) and possibly tuberculosis (a bacterial infection of the lungs). He was put on trial and sentenced to death. Gradually, however, the kings established a strong monarchy that ruled all duchies in France. The decision to seek a water route resulted in one of the most explosive and significant eras in the history of the world. Jewish leaders such as Abraham Because James felt that bishops were necessary, he adjourned the conference. Reviews. execution of Louis XVI. In 1501 Amerigo Vespucci (14541512) sailed far down the coast of South America. His only remaining ship, under the command of Juan de Elcano, continued its course back to the harbor at Seville in 1522. They were especially critical of "popish," or Catholic, features of the Anglican Church. In 1512 he invaded the kingdom of Navarre and incorporated it into Aragon. After receiving a tremendous ransom for the emperor's release, Pizarro murdered Atahuallpa, then claimed the Inca empire for Spain, killing all the Inca who did not cooperate. But after the duke was defeated and killed in a battle in 1477, Louis was able to reunite Burgundy with France. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. They had the support and advice of Isabella's priest, Francisco Jimnez de Cisneros (14361517), and Gonzalo Fernndez de Crdoba (14531515), the foremost military leader of his day. The country occupies the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, next to Spain. The Ottoman Empire was no longer a threat to Spain's rich possessions in Italy and along the Mediterranean. Charles's enemies, German Protestant princes who were seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, banded together in an elaborate alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (see "Schmalkaldic League" in Chapter 5). He began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." A: Greek . In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: . Nevertheless, Spain's empire was never seriously threatened on land. Charles also had to declare Henry and Henry's descendants heirs to the French crown. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. (A pagan is a person who has no religious beliefs or worships more than one god; in this case, anyone who was not a Christian.) 2. Storming of the Bastille: From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country? Francis begged to be taken from Naples to Spain, and he was placed under house arrest in Madrid for over a year. Q: What is the native language of Cleopatra VII, otherwise known as Cleopatra Queen? A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. The horrified Clement, who had been locked away in a tower for his own safety, quickly joined Henry in making peace with Charles. When the popes would not give in to Philip's demands he resolved the situation by having his agents arrest Pope Boniface VIII (c.12351303; reigned 12941303). Dias's voyage, however, did not match the 1497 journey of Vasco da Gama (c. 14601524), who went across the southernmost tip of Africa and sailed all the way across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast of India. Here Puritan The main problem was that Charles was a foreigner. Clearly there were some key conflicting interests that needed to be addressed. The Dutch troubles worsened in 1578 when Philip approved the assassination of Juan de Escobedo (died 1578), John of Austria's dangerous and ambitious secretary. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. scholars. Even if you're enemies in the Franco-Prussian War, for example, France owed Germany some reparations, but France simply went to the private banks, borrowed the money, and paid Germany. Thus, on March 17, 1558, the last Tudor monarch of England ascended the throne. Henry succeeded in restoring prosperity This marriage did not allow England to be free of the war, though, since many English people believed it was necessary to aid Protestants on the European continent. First, he wanted to distribute taxes throughout the country and, second, he wanted to abolish privileges given to certain provinces. The Spanish king, Ferdinand II of Aragon, had conquered and an nexed the small kingdom of Navarre, situated between France and Spain on the Bay of Biscay (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. The use of newly invented cannons also significantly aided the French war effort. Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. Spanish officials were dismissed and replaced by men Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Henry declined to join the French effort. Specifically, the issue was whether the king had the right to appoint bishops (heads of church districts) without the pope's approval. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. Although there was no mention of heirs, Spanish law stated that the monarchs' heir would inherit both kingdoms. The feudal system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. Many Moriscos paid considerable sums of money to Catholic Church officials so they could stay in the country. A nationalistic spirit began to emerge among the English, however, with a campaign launched by King Henry V, whose everyday language was English. The Moors established a new culture on the Iberian Peninsula. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. The Reformation had begun thirteen years earlier, just before Charles became king of Spain. Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. Prominent members of the royal family and the court frequently played roles in these productions. Ferdinand became king of Aragon when his father, King John II (13971479; ruled 145879), died in 1479. limit their power. His strategy called for sending out two armies at once: one across the Alps (a mountain range on the border between Italy and Switzerland) and another across the Pyrenees (a mountain range on the border between France and Spain). In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. Serfs started escaping to urban areas in search of work. During the Edwardian War the English took control of large areas of southwestern France and the northern coastal city of Calais. The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. Royal Family of Liechtenstein. Once Rome declared victory over the insurgents in Gaul they focused on attacking the Franks. Although it was called the King James Bible, James himself had little to. No action was taken, however, because the church wanted to win converts and noblemen did not want to lose Moriscan laborers who worked on their estates. But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. One of Francis's armies then overran most of the countryside around Milan. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, War of the Spanish Succession, 170114, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. Then, in a crowning victory, Philip's navy, under lvaro de Bzan (15261588), the marquis de Santa Cruz, smashed a combined English-French force off the coast of the Azores in 1582 and 1583. Dvelopp par Lilith Games, Rise of Kingdoms est un In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. Many Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland, and only half of the Armada eventually returned to Spain. Their philosophy made the cities of Toledo, Crdoba, and Granada important centers of learning. Relations between France and Germany, or Franco-German relations form an integral part of the wider politics of Europe.Both countries are among the founders and the main leading Member states of the European Union and its predecessor the European Communities since its inception in 1958 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome.. General relations between the two countries since 1871, according to . According to the map, Italy in the early 19th century was. The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. They had arrived on the peninsula by a.d. 300, becoming both urban and rural dwellers. After the battle at Ceuta, Henry became obsessed with gaining access to exotic markets in Africa. Nevertheless, the emperor was still the most powerful political figure in the Christian world. At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). Not to engage in battle with the English took control of large areas of southwestern France what... Called the Angevin ( pronounced AHN-jeh-vehn ) dynasty, Jews were separated from.... The text for your bibliography or works cited list but after the duke was again successful, and the... Process, the war against France in Italy and along the Mediterranean of! York rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom Lancaster, each claimed to have the order revoked German priest refused to budge on controversial. 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