Most laws use language such as "tending to causedelinquency." Contributing to the Delinquency of a Minor: Any action by an adult that allows or encourages illegal behavior by a person under the age of 18, or that places children in situations that expose them to illegal behavior. 770 (H.B. Sept. 1, 1999. (f) The holder of a permit or license providing for the on-premises consumption of alcoholic beverages that derives less than 50 percent of its gross receipts for the premises from the sale or service of alcoholic beverages may employ a person under 18 years of age to work as a cashier for transactions involving the sale of alcoholic beverages if the alcoholic beverages are served by a person 18 years of age or older. 842 (H.B. Logically, this should not be a CIMT under a categorical analysis because it encompasses conduct such as being out after curfew with a minor. (a) Any person eighteen years of age or older who knowingly contributes to or encourages the delinquency of a child is guilty of a . Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. Sept. 1, 1997. Sec. September 1, 2015. PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES BY PERSONS YOUNGER THAN 18. 106.15. 1465), Sec. Defendant thereby induced or endeavored to induce the minor or ward, etc. (a) as amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. (e-1)Repealed by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., ch. A judge has the discretion to place you on misdemeanor probation in lieu of a jail term. 462, Sec. Disclaimer: Past results are not a guarantee of future results. The report must be in the form prescribed by the commission. Free consult. (2) "Taste" means to draw a beverage into the mouth without swallowing or otherwise consuming the beverage. Shouse Law Group has wonderful customer service. Sept. 1, 1993; Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. (a) Except as provided in Subsection (b) of this section, a person commits an offense if he purchases an alcoholic beverage for or gives or makes available an alcoholic beverage to a minor with criminal negligence. Offenses against people that are considered crimes of moral turpitude include assault, sexual assault . Different jurisdictions disagree over whether the behavior must actually lead to an act of delinquency (referred to in the "elements" section, above) and whethermens rea(a "guilty mind") is required for a guilty verdict. 5, eff. 663 (H.B. 942 (S.B. 232), Sec. (2) a person lawfully providing an alcoholic beverage to a minor under Section 106.16. Search Texas Statutes. Sept. 1, 1986; Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 5.1 Furnishing marijuana to a minor HS 11361, 5.2 Furnishing alcohol to a minor BPC 25658, 5.3 Sending harmful material to a minor PC 288.2, People v. Schoonderwood (1945) 72 Cal.App.2d 125, People v. Madden (1981) 116 Cal.App.3d 212, People v. Swanson-Birabent (2003) 114 Cal.App.4. Sept. 1, 1997; Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 106.05. 488 (S.B. 1004 (H.B. (1) For purposes of this part: (a) "Adult" means a person 18 years of age or older. Many arose out of or supplemented laws that prohibit contributing to the delinquency of a minor. Back to Top. Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. This offense is a misdemeanor punishable by up to one year in county jail and fines of up to $2500.00. A criminal record can affect job, immigration, licensing and even housing opportunities. In most states, a minor is anyone under the age of 18. habitually and persistently refused to obey the reasonable orders of their parent or guardian, and/or. Others allow an affirmative defense based on lack of mens rea, such as being unaware of the minor's age and thus not intending to commit the crime. 106.04. 1, see other Sec. Sept. 1, 1993; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. An experienced Houston juvenile lawyer can help you and your child navigate the complex juvenile justice system. Depending on the case, law enforcement may also arrest you for: Health and Safety Code 11361 HS is the California statute that makes it a crime to: Depending on the facts of the case, it is possible for you to be charged under both: Business and Professions Code 25658 makes it a crime in California to sell or furnish alcohol to a minor (someone under the state legal drinking age of 21). Sept. 1, 1977. 1243 (S.B. It is not always a crime to provide a minor with alcohol in at least31 states, but these exceptions are narrowly defined. We have local criminal law offices in and around Los Angeles, San Diego, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, Ventura, San Jose, Oakland, the San Francisco Bay area, and several nearby cities. Amended by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 106.17. (B)the penal ordinances of any political subdivision of this state; (2)the voluntary absence of a child from the child's home without the consent of Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. The civil statutes followed in 1879.Subsequent revisions and recodifications followed in 1895 and 1911.In 1925, there was a reorganization of the statutes, which still serves as the basis for our current statutes. 1480), Sec. 2011 texas statutes health and safety code title 6 - food, drugs, alcohol, and hazardous substances subtitle b - alcohol and substance abuse programs chapter 463 - contributing to delinquency of habitual drunkard or narcotic addict. 106.03. Refreshed: 2021-06-07 5, eff. Contributing to the Delinquency of a Minor In addition to being held liable for the acts of their children, parents may be held criminally liable for contributing to the delinquency of a minor. 1575), Sec. September 1, 2009. Texas Penal Code - PENAL 43.24. Copyright 2023, Thomson Reuters. A maximum fine of $2,500. 80, eff. (a) Any person convicted of not more than one violation of this code while a minor, on attaining the age of 21 years, may apply to the court in which he was convicted to have the conviction expunged. Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. 842 (H.B. June 14, 2013. 1013, Sec. 14, Sec. (2) not less than 40 or more than 60 hours, if the minor has been previously convicted of an offense under this section. (b) Except as provided by Subsection (c), an offense under this section is a Class C misdemeanor. Sec. Sept. 1, 1993; Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. (a) Except as provided in Subsections (b) and (c) of this section, the commission or administrator may cancel or suspend for not more than 90 days a retail license or permit or a private club registration permit if it is found, on notice and hearing, that the licensee or permittee with criminal negligence sold, served, dispensed, or delivered an alcoholic beverage to a minor or with criminal negligence permitted a minor to violate Section 106.04 or 106.05 of this code on the licensed premises. 642), Sec. For a third offense within a period of 36 consecutive months the commission or administrator may cancel the permit or suspend it for not more than 12 months. 848 (H.B. 942 (S.B. Get a lawyer. (b-2) For purposes of Subsection (b-1), if the defendant is enrolled in an institution of higher education located in a county in which access to an alcohol awareness program is readily available, the court may consider the defendant to be a resident of that county. 2, eff. PUNISHMENT FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED OFFENSE BY MINOR. 158 (H.B. A qualified attorney will know all the details of a contribution to delinquency charge and can analyze your situation to determine the best defenses available. 2398), 41(3). September 1, 2017. 1357), Sec. The following exceptions to the minimum legal drinking age may be valid defenses to CDM charges: Since the elements of contribution to the delinquency of a minor can vary significantly between jurisdictions, it can be very helpful to retain local counsel to assist in your defense. To commit this offense, you must contribute to causing a minor to become a: For purposes of this code section, the legal definition of a delinquent child is a minor who has been found by a court to have committed a crime.6. Sept. 1, 1999. Sept. 1, 1999; Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. Before prosecuting juvenile delinquent conduct, a thorough reading of Chapter 403 of Title 18, United States Code (18 U.S.C.A. (a) On the placement of a minor on deferred disposition for an offense under Section 49.02, Penal Code, or under Section 106.02, 106.025, 106.04, 106.041, 106.05, or 106.07, the court shall require the defendant to attend an alcohol awareness program approved by the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation under this section or a drug education program approved by the Department of State Health Services in accordance with Section 521.374, Transportation Code. Under Texas Penal Code 25.06, a person commits an offense if he knowingly harbors, or hides, a child and he is criminally negligent about whether the child: is younger than 18 years old; has escaped . (a) In this section: (1) "Career school or college" has the meaning assigned by Section 132.001, Education Code. 437, Sec. Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. Can I get a PC 272 conviction expunged? June 19, 1997. Guardian: A person legally empowered and charged with the duty of taking care of and managing the property of another person who because of age, intellect, or health, is incapable of managing his (her) own affairs. Sec. 106.12. For more information about the legal . 935 (H.B. 1207, Sec. A delinquent; or. A minor does not commit an offense if the minor purchases an alcoholic beverage under the immediate supervision of a commissioned peace officer engaged in enforcing the provisions of this code. (2) a prior order of deferred disposition for an offense alleged under this section is considered a conviction. (1) conduct, other than a traffic offense, that violates a penal law of this state or of the United States punishable by imprisonment or by confinement in jail; (2) conduct that violates a lawful order of a court under circumstances that would constitute contempt of that court in: (3) conduct that violates Section 49.04 . 163, Sec. 76, eff. Contributing to the delinquency of a minor is a crime that can be charged when you cause or enable a minor (a person under the age of 18) to: In California, the crime of contributing to the delinquency of a minor is set forth in Penal Code 272 PC. Taking in a runaway child without permission from the child's parent or legal guarding is known as "harboring a runaway" and it's illegal. This means the minor does not actually have to commit an act of delinquency for the adult to be charged for the crime. (b)Conduct indicating a need for supervision is: (1)subject to Subsection (f), conduct, other than a traffic offense, that violates: (A)the penal laws of this state of the grade of misdemeanor that are punishable by (3) "Public place" has the meaning assigned by Section 1.07, Penal Code. Sept. 1, 1986; Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. (d) Subsection (a) does not apply to a minor who: (e) Except as provided by Subsection (f), Subsection (a) does not apply to a minor who reports the sexual assault of the minor or another person, or is the victim of a sexual assault reported by another person, to: (f) A minor is entitled to raise the defense provided by Subsection (e) in the prosecution of an offense under this section only if the minor is in violation of this section at the time of the commission of a sexual assault that is: (1) reported by the minor under Subsection (e); or. Determinate Sentenced Offender (DSO) - a youth committed to TJJD with a determinate sentence of up to 40 years for offenses specified in section 54.04(d)(3) or 54.05(f) of the Family Code. (b) A holder of a wine only package store permit may employ a person 16 years old or older to work in any capacity. As with PC 272, a violation of this law is a misdemeanor offense. 663 (H.B. 1090), Sec. 30, eff. The court found that the child's parents had not made . 948 (S.B. (d) The commission may approve under this section a seller training program conducted by a hotel management company or a hotel operating company for the employees of five or more hotels operated or managed by the company if: (1) the seller training program is administered through the corporate offices of the company; and. Sept. 1, 1997. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. May 19, 2015. 935 (H.B. 106.025. in doing so, you caused or contributed to causing a minor to become a delinquent, a habitual truant, or a dependent child of the juvenile court. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Criminal Defense Penal Code PC 272 - Contributing to the Delinquency of a Minor. If the defendant is not enrolled in such an institution of higher education or if the court does not consider the defendant to be a resident of the county in which the institution is located, the defendant's residence is the residence listed on the defendant's driver's license or personal identification certificate issued by the Department of Public Safety. 3, eff. |. In In re D.M., the child set fire to a couch at school, which ended up causing over $100,000 in damages. 315), Sec. PRESENCE OF CERTAIN MINORS ON PERMITTED OR LICENSED PREMISES OPERATING AS SEXUALLY ORIENTED BUSINESS. September 1, 2005. 1, eff. 2398), 41(3). September 1, 2009. You will typically face child abuse charges if you willfully inflict either of the following on a child under 18 years of age: any cruel or inhuman bodily punishment, or; an injury that results in a traumatic condition. Aug. 31, 1987; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 75, eff. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. sending harmful material to a minor PC 288.2. sell, give, or offer marijuana to a minor. SALE TO MINORS. Sec. The adult can be charged not only with breaking the law, but with "contributing to the delinquency of a minor." According to Texas law, a person can be held responsible for an . 330, eff. Amended by Acts 1981, 67th Leg., p. 257, ch. Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 2, see other Sec. 13, eff. Acts 1977, 65th Leg., p. 515, ch. | Last updated January 31, 2023. Crimes Committed by Children Between 7-18. As stated, contributing to the delinquency of a minor is defined as willingly or knowingly encouraging or helping a delinquent child in carrying out a prohibited act or crime. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Being accused or arrested for a crime does not necessarily mean you will be convicted in court. (b) A person may purchase an alcoholic beverage for or give an alcoholic beverage to a minor if the person is: (1) the minor's adult parent, guardian, or spouse, or an adult in whose custody the minor has been committed by a court, and is visibly present when the minor possesses or consumes the alcoholic beverage; or. (f) The procedures for expunction provided under this section are separate and distinct from the expunction procedures under Chapter 55, Code of Criminal Procedure. California Penal Code section 272 defines the crime of contributing to the delinquency of a minor. the Model Penal Code defines the offense of "Endangering . Code 65.251-65.259 (2019).) (f)Conduct described under Subsection (b)(1) does not constitute conduct indicating Here are two cases that discuss parents' efforts and whether or not the parents have contributed to their children's delinquency. Unfortunately, children falsely accuse adults of violating this statute all the time. Contributing to the delinquency of a minor can be as simple as keeping a child home from school and thus, making the child a . 2021 Tennessee Code Title 37 - Juveniles Chapter 1 - Juvenile Courts and Proceedings Part 1 - General Provisions 37-1-156. to return; (3)conduct prohibited by city ordinance or by state law involving the inhalation 766), Sec. PRESENCE OR EMPLOYMENT OF CERTAIN PERSONS AT PERMITTED OR LICENSED PREMISES OPERATING AS SEXUALLY ORIENTED BUSINESS. Current as of April 14, 2021 | Updated by FindLaw Staff. Sept. 1, 1991; Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. Sec. Adults who persuade or help minors to commit acts of juvenile delinquency may be charged with the crime ofcontributing to the delinquency of a minor(or "CDM"). (e) The holder of a permit or license providing for the on-premises consumption of alcoholic beverages who also holds a food and beverage certificate may employ a person under 18 years of age to work as a cashier for transactions involving the sale of alcoholic beverages if the alcoholic beverages are served by a person 18 years of age or older. 1, eff. 76. Sept. 1, 1977. A prosecutor must prove the following elements of the crime to successfully convict you under this statute: For purposes of this statute, note that California criminal law imposes a duty upon parents and legal guardians of minors to exercise. Additionally, the term "contributing" is very broadly defined by most statutes, leaving it open to interpretation by a jury or a judge. Acts 1977, 65th Leg., p. 513, ch. In this title: (1) "Aggravated controlled substance felony" means an offense under Subchapter D, Chapter 481, Health and Safety Code, that is punishable by: (A) a minimum term of confinement that is longer than the minimum term of confinement for a felony of the first degree; or. CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL BY A MINOR. 4, eff. An act committed by a minor, for which an adult could not be prosecuted in a criminal court. Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. New York and North Carolina have the lowest age of majority, 16. (a) Each court, including a justice court, municipal court, or juvenile court, shall furnish to the Department of Public Safety a notice of each: (1) adjudication under Title 3, Family Code, for conduct that constitutes an offense under this chapter; (2) conviction of an offense under this chapter; (3) order of deferred disposition for an offense alleged under this chapter; and. 19(1), eff. It is a misdemeanor . Examples of property crimes that are considered offenses of moral turpitude include arson, blackmail, forgery, robbery, burglary, theft, illegal use of a credit card, issuing a worthless check, and possessing/transporting stolen property. engage in illegal or delinquent behavior,; become a habitual truant, or; become a dependent of the juvenile court system. The consequences of contributing to the delinquency of a minor can be serious. 1, eff. (2) committed against the minor and reported by another person under Subsection (f). 46 (S.B. The offense of contributing to the delinquency of minors (CDM) originated in the United States in the 1900s. Defenses typically apply to this question: Penal Code Jail felonies are punishable by days. Still, prosecutors may be free to proceed with both charges. (1) "Child" has the meaning assigned by Section 51.02, Family Code. 1331), Sec. (b) The application shall contain the applicant's sworn statement that he was not convicted of any violation of this code while a minor other than the one he seeks to have expunged. 3474), Sec. 4, eff. If programs or services providing that education are not available, the court may order community service that it considers appropriate for rehabilitative purposes. (4) if the beverage is lawfully provided to the minor under Section 106.16. 9, eff. Acts 1977, 65th Leg., p. 515, ch. The Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure were completed in 1856. September 1, 2009. Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. Community service ordered under this subsection is in addition to community service ordered under Section 106.071(d). (2) the hotels employ a total of at least 200 persons at one time during the license or permit year who sell, serve, or prepare alcoholic beverages. Most states have set the age for majority at 18. 750.145 Minor; contributing to neglect or delinquency. An act of juvenile delinquency is basically a crime committed by a minor and handled outside of the criminal justice system. THE MICHIGAN PENAL CODE (EXCERPT) Act 328 of 1931. Legislation holding parents criminally responsible for the delinquent acts of their children quickly followed the enactment of civil liability and neglect-type statutes. 10, eff. 106.07. (b) The commission shall adopt rules or policies establishing the minimum requirements for approved seller training programs. 1545), Sec. California Penal Code Section 272: Contributing to the Delinquency of a Minor. Sept. 1, 1983; Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. September 1, 2011. of the fumes or vapors of paint and other protective coatings or glue and other adhesives Under VA. Code 18.2-371, contributing to the delinquency of a minor, is defined as an act of voluntary contribution to the delinquency of a child, neglecting and abusing a child who is in need as defined under VA. Code16.1-228. Some states, however, treat the crime as a felony in certain instances. (a) For purposes of this chapter and any other provision of this code relating to the sales, service, dispensing, or delivery of alcoholic beverages to a person who is not a member of a private club on the club premises, a minor, or an intoxicated person or the consumption of alcoholic beverages by a person who is not a member of a private club on the club premises, a minor, or an intoxicated person, the actions of an employee shall not be attributable to the employer if: (1) the employer requires its employees to attend a commission-approved seller training program; (2) the employee has actually attended such a training program; and. The email address cannot be subscribed. When the charge against any person under NRS 201.090, 201.100 and 201.110 concerns the neglect of a child or children, or the problems of a child in need of supervision, the offense, for convenience, may be termed "contributory neglect," and when it concerns the delinquency of a child or children, for convenience it may be termed . (6)notwithstanding Subsection (a)(1), conduct that violates Section 43.261, Penal Code. 29, eff. 3, eff. In order to commit this crime, you must act with either: In order to act with general criminal intent, you must not only commit the prohibited act, or fail to do the required act, but must do so intentionally or on purpose.4. 8, eff. Contact us. 79 (S.B. 462, Sec. This is very different from the adult criminal court system. 1409, Sec. Acts 1977, 65th Leg., p. 514, ch. (a) A minor commits an offense if he consumes an alcoholic beverage. (e) Subsection (a) does not apply to a minor who: (1) requested emergency medical assistance in response to the possible alcohol overdose of the minor or another person; (2) was the first person to make a request for medical assistance under Subdivision (1); and. Sept. 1, 1986. 3, eff. REPORTS OF COURT TO COMMISSION. 79 (S.B. 1348 (S.B. 24/7 Help: 1013, Sec. This act or omission caused (or has the tendency to cause) a minor to become or remain: Complex criminal defense situations usually require a lawyer, Defense attorneys can help protect your rights, A lawyer can seek to reduce or eliminate criminal penalties. Sept. 1, 1993; Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 1, eff. 194, Sec. In Illinois, the age for majority is 17, if the crime committed is a felony offense. Amended by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. The commission may charge an application fee to be set by the commission in such amount as is necessary to defray the expense of processing the application. Educ. 2. 285, Sec. furnishing marijuana to a minor HS 11361, furnishing alcohol to a minor BPC 25658, and. A habitual truant means that such child: Minors become dependents of Californias juvenile court system for any of the following reasons: You have the right to challenge this accusation with a legal defense. Causing or encouraging acts rendering children delinquent, abused, etc court rejected the &. For text of section as added by Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. (b) An offense under this section is punishable as provided by Section 106.071. 934, Sec. 477, Sec. Acts 2005, 79th Leg., Ch. All rights reserved. The proof of identification may include a driver's license or identification card issued by the Department of Public Safety, a passport, or a military identification card. September 1, 2017. A violation of this statute is a misdemeanor offense.9. The first time I actually got sentenced to probation in Texas was for a charge called Contributing to the Delinquency of a Minor. (f) Except as provided by Subsection (g), Subsection (a) does not apply to a minor who reports the sexual assault of the minor or another person, or is the victim of a sexual assault reported by another person, to: (1) a health care provider treating the victim of the sexual assault; (2) an employee of a law enforcement agency, including an employee of a campus police department of an institution of higher education; or. 4, eff. Many attorneys offer free consultations. Sept. 1, 1997. (b) It is an affirmative defense to prosecution under this section that the alcoholic beverage was consumed in the visible presence of the minor's adult parent, guardian, or spouse. 1.1 Delinquent, truant, and dependent of the juvenile court. 346), Sec. 1. 315), Sec. Statutes Title 9, Offenses Against Public Order and Decency; Chapter 43, Public Indecency; Section 43.24, Sale, Distribution, or Display of Harmful Material to Minor. 163, Sec. ; In California, the crime of contributing to the delinquency of a minor is set forth in Penal Code 272 PC. We can consult in person, over a phone call, or through text message. Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 194, Sec. 10, eff. Medina-Valencia, 538 F.3d 831 (8th Cir. A provision of Chapter 58, Family Code, or other law limiting collection or reporting of information on a juvenile or other minor or requiring destruction of that information does not apply to information reported and maintained under this section. Sept. 1, 1977. Aminoris anyone under the age of majority, which is 18 in most states. 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Subsection is in addition to community service ordered under this Section is punishable as provided by Subsection ( a as... Furnishing alcohol to a minor presence or EMPLOYMENT of CERTAIN PERSONS at PERMITTED or LICENSED PREMISES OPERATING as SEXUALLY BUSINESS... Of April 14, 2021 | Updated by FindLaw Staff adult could not prosecuted... ; Endangering a thorough reading of Chapter 403 of Title 18, United states in the.... C misdemeanor actually have to commit an act of juvenile delinquency is basically a crime to provide a.! That education are not available, the court found that the child & # x27 s... Pc 272, a violation of this law is a misdemeanor punishable by days meaning assigned by Section,. Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life 1, 1993 ; Acts 1985, 69th Leg.,.! Illegal or delinquent behavior, ; become a dependent of the juvenile court 65th Leg., p.,... The offense of contributing to the delinquency of a minor many arose out of or supplemented that... Disclaimer: Past results are not a guarantee of future results lowest age of majority which. Child set fire to a minor under Section 106.16 a violation of this law is a offense! Michigan Penal Code the form prescribed by the commission Section 272: contributing to the delinquency of minor! ) committed against the minor does not actually have to commit an of... Offense alleged under this Section is considered a conviction probation in Texas was for a charge contributing... By another person under Subsection ( a ) a minor under Section 106.16 76th Leg., ch assault. 2017, 85th Leg., ch adult to be charged for the adult criminal system... Handled outside of the juvenile court, 69th Leg., p. 513, ch in the states... Minimum requirements for approved seller training programs quot contributing to the delinquency of a minor texas penal code Endangering as SEXUALLY ORIENTED BUSINESS crime... For approved seller training programs child set fire to a minor by Acts 1981, 67th Leg.,.. Set the age of majority, 16 a judge has the meaning assigned by Section 106.071 ( )... Or otherwise consuming the beverage adopt rules or policies establishing the minimum requirements for approved seller training.! Or EMPLOYMENT of CERTAIN PERSONS at PERMITTED or LICENSED PREMISES OPERATING as ORIENTED. Establishing the minimum requirements for approved seller training programs ) a minor a beverage the., 69th Leg., R.S., ch alleged under this Section is misdemeanor... Acts of their children quickly followed the enactment of civil liability and neglect-type statutes for the delinquent Acts of children... Misdemeanor offense.9 an alcoholic beverage to a couch at school, which ended up causing over $ 100,000 damages... `` child '' has the meaning assigned by Section 106.071 '' has discretion.
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